Deficiency of precipitation over an extended period, resulting in a water shortage.

• Linked to hazards – heat, wildfire, food source & water service interruption

Diseases that are caused by pathogenic microorganisms and are spread from one person to another. A pandemic is the worldwide spread of a new disease (EMBC, 2021).

• Impacts response

Meningitis, pandemic flu (H1N1), hepatitis, E. coli, Coronavirus (SARS, MERS, COVID-19), etc.

Deficiency of precipitation over an extended period, resulting in a water shortage.

• Linked to hazards – heat, wildfire, food source & water service interruption

Occurs when ocean water levels are higher than normal due to storm surge, tides, waves, and wind effects.

• Sea level rise will increase coastal flooding: occasional shock to chronic stressor
• King tides

Occurs when precipitation cannot infiltrate or be carried by drainage infrastructure.

Called stormwater, local, pluvial, or flash flooding.

Occurs when material-rock, debris, soil- moves downslope.

• Rainfall, earthquakes, and human activities commonly trigger landslides.

Ground-shaking resulting from a fault rupture, and can trigger landslides and liquefaction.

Secondary hazards include fires, floods, and tsunamis.

Snowstorms and blizzards.

Meteorological disturbance giving rise to a heavy snowfall, often accompanied by strong winds (blizzard).

• Impacts infrastructure

Unplanned fires occurring on forest or range lands, which burns forest vegetation, brush, etc. and can spread to developed areas.

• Wildland Urban Interface (WUI)

Occur when temperatures are significantly above average for an extended period.

• Linked to drought, reduced air quality, wildfire risk.

Wind gusts and high wind speed. Often associated with extratropical cyclones from the Pacific Ocean and heavy rain.

• Damages to powerlines have cascading impacts.

Interruption of critical infrastructure

• is essential for the functioning of society
• will lead to cascading consequences.

An act or interruption that poses major threat to society.

• riots, demonstrations, bomb threats, active shooter, etc.

A spill on site or transport route is any uncontrolled release of material posing a risk to health, safety, and property: toxic gases, radioactive material, acids, chemicals, goods, as well as gas or oil spills.

Sources: facilities, ports, marine, railway, and roads.

Failure of a dam or spillway structure that would release water/debris downstream.

• ‘sunny-day’ failure outside a storm due to engineering failure or seismic event
• ‘rainy-day’ failure as a result of high-water levels and inflows